High prevalence of gene abnormalities in young patients with lung cancer
Original Article

High prevalence of gene abnormalities in young patients with lung cancer

Osamu Nagashima1, Rina Ohashi2, Yasuko Yoshioka1, Ai Inagaki2, Manabu Tajima2, Yoshika Koinuma2, Shin-ichiro Iwakami3, Akihiko Iwase4, Shinichi Sasaki1, Shigeru Tominaga1, Kazuhisa Takahashi2

1Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; 2Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, 1129 Nagaoka, Izunokuni-shi, Shizuoka 410-2295, Japan; 4Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan

Corresponding to: Osamu Nagashima. 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, Chiba 279-0021, Japan. Email: naga-jun@umin.org.

Background: Recently, driver oncogenes in adenocarcinoma of the lung were identified, and several molecular target agents were introduced in the clinical setting. However, there are few reports on the frequency of gene abnormalities in young patients with lung cancer.

Materials and methods: Twelve patients with lung adenocarcinoma aged 40 or younger at Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital or Juntendo University Hospital from July 2004 to March 2010 were analyzed for driver oncogene status including EGFR activating mutation, EML4-ALK fusion gene, and K-ras mutation.

Results: Four patients showed EGFR gene mutation. Five out of 7 EGFR mutation-negative patients showed positive results for EML4-ALK gene fusion. One case whose EGFR mutation was indeterminate.

Conclusions: Driver oncogene including EGFR mutation and EML4-ALK fusion gene was identified in 9 of 12 cases (75%). Examination of gene abnormalities is essential in young patients with non-small cell lung cancer to provide the best treatment.

Keywords: Young patients; driver oncogene; lung cancer; EGFR; EML4-ALK

Submitted Nov 10, 2012. Accepted for publication Dec 10, 2012.

doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.12.02

Introduction

Many young patients with lung cancer at the time of diagnosis are already advanced stage and therefore result in a poor prognosis (1,2). For patients harboring the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been used effectively to prolong progression-free survival and overall survival (3,4). Recently, the powerful driver oncogene, fusion gene of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) was identified in non-small cell lung cancer (5). Prolongation of the survival period is expected with the use of the ALK-TKI. However, few studies have analyzed the frequency of driver oncogenes in young patients with non-small cell lung cancer aged 40 or younger. Therefore, we performed gene mutation analyses in young patients with lung cancer.

Methods and materials

We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all hospitalized patients with non-small cell lung cancer aged 40 or younger at Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital or Juntendo University Hospital from July 2004 to March 2010. We examined patient background, treatment modalities, and gene abnormalities. First, we examined EGFR mutation by performing direct sequencing for tumor biopsy specimens obtained by bronchoscope, resected tumor samples, or cell blocks of bronchoalveolar fluid or pleural effusion. When the EGFR mutation was negative, we next performed immunohistochemical analysis [using an intercalated antibody-enhanced polymer (iAEP)] and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detection of the EML4-ALK fusion protein and gene (6), respectively. In negative cases for both EGFR mutation and EML4-ALK fusion gene, we analyzed the samples for presence of the K-ras mutation. We did not conduct re-evaluation for the EGFR gene mutation after recurrence. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Case profile

We retrospectively studied 12 young patients with non-small cell lung cancer (men, 7; women, 5). The mean age of the patients was 35.3 years (Table 1).

Table 1

Background characteristics of the 12 patients in whom examination was performed for gene abnormalities.

No Age Sex BI Histology T N M Stage PS EGFR EML4-ALK 1st line 2nd line Outcome Survival time
1 33 m 10 adeno 4 0 1 IV 1 + n.d. CBDCA+TXL Gefitinib   death 1,208 days
2 37 m 800 adeno 4 2 1 IV 1 + n.d. Gefitinib CBDCA+TXL   death 461 days
3 37 m 450 adeno 4 3 1 IV 3 + n.d. CBDCA+TXL Gefitinib   death 379 days
4 39 m 400 adeno 3 3 1 IV 0 + n.d. CDDP+PEM Gefitinib   death 364 days
5 31 f 100 adeno 1 3 0 IIIB 0 ± n.d. CBDCA+TXL Gefitinib   alive 2,688+α
6 35 f 0 adeno 4 0 0 IIIB 0 - + CBDCA+GEM PEM   alive 1,456+α
7 37 f 0 adeno 2 1 1 IV 0 - + CBDCA+PEM   alive 757+α
8 34 f 0 adeno 4 3 1 IV 2 - + CBDCA+TXL GEM   death 568 days
9 33 m 300 adeno 4 3 1 IV 1 - + CBDCA+TXL CBDCA+PEM   death 175 days
10 35 m 0 adeno 4 3 1 IV 1 - + CBDCA+TXL CBDCA+PEM   death 99 days
11 37 f 0 adeno 2 2 0 IIIA 0 - - CBDCA+TXL   alive 365+α
12 36 m 340 non-small 2b 3 1b IV 1 - - CBDCA+TXL   alive 280+α

Abbreviations: BI, brinkman index; PS, performance status; ±, EGFR mutaion indeterminate, but responded to gefitinib; n.d., not done; CBDCA, carboplatin; TXL, pacritaxicel; PEM, pemetrexed; GEM, gemcitabine.

Smoking history

Six patients were smokers. Three out of these patients were heavy smokers over 20 pack pear, and had a long history of smoking. One man and 4 women were non-smokers.

Histology and stage of the disease

All of the patients had non-small cell lung cancer. Eleven patients (91.6%) were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, while one was with histology not otherwise specified. According to the clinical TMN classification, there were 1 patient with stage IIIA, 2 with stage IIIB cancer; and 9 with stage IV.

Examination of the gene abnormalities

Activating EGFR gene mutations, exon 19 deletion, were detected in 4 cases.

One case whose EGFR gene mutations were indeterminate because sample size was not enough for direct sequencing. But she seems to harbor EGFR activation mutation because she responded to gefitinib remarkably. Therefore, we considered that she harbored an EGFR mutation. Subsequently, we conducted iAEP followed by FISH analyses for 7 patients without EGFR mutation to determine EML4-ALK fusion protein and gene. Among 7 patients, 5 patients showed positive for EML4-ALK protein or gene. Analysis for the presence of K-ras mutation was performed in 2 cases that were negative for both the EGFR mutation and the EML4-ALK fusion gene. One of the cases was K-ras mutation-negative, while the other case was not clear for K-ras mutation because of inadequate sample (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Frequency of gene abnormalities in 12 young patients with lung cancer aged 40 or younger.

Median survival time and survival curve

The patients harboring EGFR mutation were treated with gefitinib. The median survival time (MST) was 461 days. The MST for the patients harboring EML4-ALK fusion gene was 568 days (Figure 2), because these patients could not be treated ALK inhibitors.

Figure 2 Survival curve of the patients.

Discussion

In this study, all patients were diagnosed as non-small cell lung cancer with advanced stage. Development of metastases without symptoms or prolonged neglect of symptoms could be the reasons for this finding. Gene analysis showed that EGFR mutation was clearly identified in 4 of our 12 cases.

The frequency of the EGFR mutation in cases of lung adenocarcinoma has been reported by a previous study (7). There were no significant differences in the frequency for EGFR mutation depending on the patient age (8). Five of the 7 EGFR-negative cases in our study were detected to have the EML4-ALK fusion gene. According to a previous study, the frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene is in the range of 1.6% to 8.6% (9-12). The EML4-ALK fusion gene is recognized to be associated with the onset of lung cancer in young patients. EML4-ALK fusion gene has an exclusive relation with EGFR mutation and K-ras mutation (13). The frequency for the EML4-ALK fusion gene in this study was markedly higher than previous studies. Our sample-size was small, but gene abnormalities were identified in 75% in patients aged 40 and younger with lung cancer. Although all patients with EGFR activating mutation were treated with an EGFR-TKI, the overall survival was unsatisfactory. Unfortunately, we did not perform a re-examination for the gene abnormalities in the recurrent tumors. One of the potential mechanisms for short survival for these patients could be explained by the fact that 3 patients were heavy smokers, whose k-ras could be mutated. Moreover, we could evaluate only one case the k-ras status. Furthermore, the overall survival of the patients harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene was also unsatisfactory, probably because ALK-TKI was not available at that time for these patients.

The results indicated that driver oncogenes were detected in 75% of our cases and that the frequency of EML4-ALK fusion gene was high in the young patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Our finding also suggests that the onset of non-small cell lung cancer in patients aged 40 or younger is more significantly related to gene abnormalities including driver oncogene mutation than to environmental factors.

Conclusions

In this study, we clarified that all 12 patients aged 40 and younger were non-small cell lung cancer and 9 in 12 patients were positive for the EGFR gene mutation or the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Our study revealed that ALK fusion gene affected carcinogenesis by the young patients in efficiency more than previous reports. Therefore, examination of gene abnormalities is especially important in young patients with lung cancer to provide an appropriate treatment modality.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Takeuchi, PhD, Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, the Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, for detecting the EML4-ALK fusion gene by using the iAEP and FISH methods.

Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Cite this article as: Nagashima O, Ohashi R, Yoshioka Y, Inagaki A, Tajima M, Koinuma Y, Iwakami SI, Iwase A, Sasaki S, Tominaga S, Takahashi K. High prevalence of gene abnormalities in young patients with lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2013;5(1):27-30. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.12.02

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